ionophores
Depatment of Zoology, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch, Hamedan, Iran
S.MOHAMMADI and H.GOLMOHAMMADI
Abstract
An ionophore is a lipid-soluble molecule usually synthesized by microorganisms to transport ions across the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. There are two broad classifications of ionophores. Chemical compounds (mobile ion carriers) that bind to a particular ion, shielding its charge from the surrounding environment, and thus facilitating its crossing of the hydrophobic interior of the lipid membrane. Channel formers that introduce a hydrophilic pore into the membrane, allowing ions to pass through while avoiding contact with the membrane's hydrophobic interior. Ionophores disrupt transmembrane ion concentration gradients, required for the proper functioning and survival of microorganisms, and thus have antibiotic properties. They are produced naturally by certain microbes and act as a defense against competing microbes. In laboratory research, ionophores are used to increase the permeability of biological membranes to certain ions. Additionally, some ionophores are used as antibiotics and/or as growth enhancing feed additives for certain feed animals such as cattle
Key words: ionophores, permeability , cell membrane, transport
Tel/ Fax: +988112524215
Email : mohammadi.saeed53@Gmail.com
INTRODUCTION
Ionophores are antibiotics that where originally developed as coccidiostats for poultry. (Horton et al.,1992). Ionophores are a chemical compound classified as polyether antibiotics.(Hirohiko et al, 1994) Ionophores work in a number of different ways to improve growth rate and feed efficiency. Ionophores reduce protein degradation in the rumen thus aiding in post ruminal digestion (Horton, 1992). Calcium ionophore elevates angiotensin-converting enzyme in cultured bovine endothelial cells Yamuna Dasarathy (2003)
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Ionophores are compounds that increase the permeability of cellular membrane barriers to ions by functioning as mobile ion carriers or channel formers. They contain hydrophobic regions conferring lipid solubility and hydrophilic ion-binding regions that delocalise the charge of the ion to shield it from the hydrophobic regions of the membrane lipid bilayer
ACKNOWLEGEMENTS
This work was supported by Islamic Azad University- Hamedan Branch and Science and Research Campus
Refrences:
1- Mechanisms of ionophore. Park CS, Honeyman TW, Ha SK, Choi HK, Chung CL, Hong CD. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1991 Oct;259(1):211-8.
2-Westley, J. W. 1975. The polyether antibiotics: monocarboxylic
acid ionophores. Annu. Rep. Med. Chem. 10:
246-256.
3-Pressman, B. C. 1976. Biological applications of ionophores.Annu. Rev. Biochem. 45:501-530.
4 -Imamura, H. 1977. Acquirement of resistance to clindamycin in Bacteroides fragilis. Chemotherapy
Worley, R. T. S., G. T. Rich, and J. S. Pryor. 1978.
5 - Effect of calcium ionophore Br-X537A on renin synthesis
and release in Amphiuma means kidney culture.
Nature (London)
6- Westley, J. W. 1978. Polyethers in the Antibiotic Section,
pp. 46-74. In M. Grayson and D. Echroth (ed.), Kirk-
Othmer's encyclopedia of chemical technology, vol. 3. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York
7-Clary E. M., R.T. Brandt, D.L. Harmon, T.G. Nagaraja. 1993. Supplemental Fat and
Ionophores in Finishing Diets: Feedlot Performance and Ruminal Digesta Kinetics in
8-"Microbial transformation of A23187, a divalent cation ionophore antibiotic". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
Depatment of Zoology, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch, Hamedan, Iran
S.MOHAMMADI and H.GOLMOHAMMADI
Abstract
An ionophore is a lipid-soluble molecule usually synthesized by microorganisms to transport ions across the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. There are two broad classifications of ionophores. Chemical compounds (mobile ion carriers) that bind to a particular ion, shielding its charge from the surrounding environment, and thus facilitating its crossing of the hydrophobic interior of the lipid membrane. Channel formers that introduce a hydrophilic pore into the membrane, allowing ions to pass through while avoiding contact with the membrane's hydrophobic interior. Ionophores disrupt transmembrane ion concentration gradients, required for the proper functioning and survival of microorganisms, and thus have antibiotic properties. They are produced naturally by certain microbes and act as a defense against competing microbes. In laboratory research, ionophores are used to increase the permeability of biological membranes to certain ions. Additionally, some ionophores are used as antibiotics and/or as growth enhancing feed additives for certain feed animals such as cattle
Key words: ionophores, permeability , cell membrane, transport
Tel/ Fax: +988112524215
Email : mohammadi.saeed53@Gmail.com
INTRODUCTION
Ionophores are antibiotics that where originally developed as coccidiostats for poultry. (Horton et al.,1992). Ionophores are a chemical compound classified as polyether antibiotics.(Hirohiko et al, 1994) Ionophores work in a number of different ways to improve growth rate and feed efficiency. Ionophores reduce protein degradation in the rumen thus aiding in post ruminal digestion (Horton, 1992). Calcium ionophore elevates angiotensin-converting enzyme in cultured bovine endothelial cells Yamuna Dasarathy (2003)
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Ionophores are compounds that increase the permeability of cellular membrane barriers to ions by functioning as mobile ion carriers or channel formers. They contain hydrophobic regions conferring lipid solubility and hydrophilic ion-binding regions that delocalise the charge of the ion to shield it from the hydrophobic regions of the membrane lipid bilayer
ACKNOWLEGEMENTS
This work was supported by Islamic Azad University- Hamedan Branch and Science and Research Campus
Refrences:
1- Mechanisms of ionophore. Park CS, Honeyman TW, Ha SK, Choi HK, Chung CL, Hong CD. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1991 Oct;259(1):211-8.
2-Westley, J. W. 1975. The polyether antibiotics: monocarboxylic
acid ionophores. Annu. Rep. Med. Chem. 10:
246-256.
3-Pressman, B. C. 1976. Biological applications of ionophores.Annu. Rev. Biochem. 45:501-530.
4 -Imamura, H. 1977. Acquirement of resistance to clindamycin in Bacteroides fragilis. Chemotherapy
Worley, R. T. S., G. T. Rich, and J. S. Pryor. 1978.
5 - Effect of calcium ionophore Br-X537A on renin synthesis
and release in Amphiuma means kidney culture.
Nature (London)
6- Westley, J. W. 1978. Polyethers in the Antibiotic Section,
pp. 46-74. In M. Grayson and D. Echroth (ed.), Kirk-
Othmer's encyclopedia of chemical technology, vol. 3. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York
7-Clary E. M., R.T. Brandt, D.L. Harmon, T.G. Nagaraja. 1993. Supplemental Fat and
Ionophores in Finishing Diets: Feedlot Performance and Ruminal Digesta Kinetics in
8-"Microbial transformation of A23187, a divalent cation ionophore antibiotic". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
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