Opioid Pharmacology
Background:
Mu agonists have been an important component of pain
treatment for thousands of years. The usual pharmacokinetic parameters
(half-life, clearance, volume of distribution) of opioids have been known for
some time. However, the metabolism has, until recently, been poorly understood,
and there has been recent interest in the role of metabolites in modifying
the pharmacodynamic response in patients, in both analgesia and adverse
effects. A number of opioids are available for clinical use, including
morphine, hydromorphone, levorphanol, oxycodone, and fentanyl. Advantages
and disadvantages of various opioids in the management of chronic
pain are discussed.
Objective:
This reviewObjective: This review looks at the structure, chemistry, and metabolism of
opioids in an effort to better understand the side effects, drug interactions,
and the individual responses of patients receiving opioids for the treatment
of intractable pain.
Conclusion:
Mu receptor agonists and agonist-antagonists have been used
throughout recent medical history for the control of pain and for the treatment
of opiate induced side effects and even opiate withdrawal syndromes looks at the structure, chemistry, and metabolism
Key words:
Opioid metabolism, opioid interactions, morphine, codeine,
hydrocodone, oxycodone, hydromorphone, methadone, intractable pain, endorphins,
enkephalins, dynorpPain Physician 2008; 11:S133-S153hins, narcfentanyl, oxymorphone, tramadolotics, pharmacology, propoxyphene
Background:
Mu agonists have been an important component of pain
treatment for thousands of years. The usual pharmacokinetic parameters
(half-life, clearance, volume of distribution) of opioids have been known for
some time. However, the metabolism has, until recently, been poorly understood,
and there has been recent interest in the role of metabolites in modifying
the pharmacodynamic response in patients, in both analgesia and adverse
effects. A number of opioids are available for clinical use, including
morphine, hydromorphone, levorphanol, oxycodone, and fentanyl. Advantages
and disadvantages of various opioids in the management of chronic
pain are discussed.
Objective:
This reviewObjective: This review looks at the structure, chemistry, and metabolism of
opioids in an effort to better understand the side effects, drug interactions,
and the individual responses of patients receiving opioids for the treatment
of intractable pain.
Conclusion:
Mu receptor agonists and agonist-antagonists have been used
throughout recent medical history for the control of pain and for the treatment
of opiate induced side effects and even opiate withdrawal syndromes looks at the structure, chemistry, and metabolism
Key words:
Opioid metabolism, opioid interactions, morphine, codeine,
hydrocodone, oxycodone, hydromorphone, methadone, intractable pain, endorphins,
enkephalins, dynorpPain Physician 2008; 11:S133-S153hins, narcfentanyl, oxymorphone, tramadolotics, pharmacology, propoxyphene
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